Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz
Produktinformationen för Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz 50 mikrogram/250 mikrogram/dos
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1.3.1.1 Summary of Product Characteristics
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz, 50 microgram/250 microgram/dose, inhalation powder, predispensed
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
Each metered dose of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone
Sandoz} provides:
For 50 microgram/250 microgram/dose, inhalation powder,
predispensed:
50 micrograms of salmeterol (as salmeterol xinafoate) and 250 micrograms of fluticasone propionate.
Corresponding with a delivered dose of:
45 micrograms of Salmeterol (as salmeterol xinafoate) and 233 micrograms of fluticasone propionate
Excipient with known effect: lactose monohydrate: 12.20 mg per metered dose
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM
Inhalation powder, pre-dispensed.
White, homogenous powder.
The pre-dispensed powder, contained in blister, is delivered by a purple plastic dry-powder inhalation device.
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Asthma
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} is indicated in the regular treatment of asthma where use of a combination product (long-acting beta-2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid) is appropriate:
patients not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids and 'as needed' inhaled short acting beta-2-agonist
or
patients already adequately controlled on both inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-2-agonist.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Method of administration:
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} is for inhalation use
only.
Patients should be made aware that {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} must be used daily for optimum benefit, even when asymptomatic.
Patients should be regularly reassessed by a doctor, so that the strength of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} they are receiving remains optimal and is only changed on medical advice.
The dose should be titrated to the lowest dose at which effective control of symptoms is maintained. Where the control of symptoms is maintained with the lowest strength of the combination given twice daily then the next step could include a test of inhaled corticosteroid alone.
As an alternative, patients requiring a long acting beta-2-agonist could be titrated to {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} given once daily if, in the opinion of the prescriber, it would be adequate to maintain disease control. In the event of once daily dosing when the patient has a history of nocturnal symptoms the dose should be given at night and when the patient has a history of mainly day-time symptoms the dose should be given in the morning.
Patients should be given the strength of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} containing the appropriate fluticasone propionate dosage for the severity of their disease. Prescribers should be aware that, in patients with asthma, fluticasone propionate is as effective as other inhaled steroids at approximately half the microgram daily dose. For example, 100 micrograms of fluticasone propionate is approximately equivalent to 200 micrograms of beclomethasone dipropionate (CFC containing) or budesonide. If an individual patient should require dosages outside the recommended regimen, appropriate doses of beta-agonist and/or corticosteroid should be prescribed.
Posology:
Asthma
Adults and adolescents 12 years and older:
One inhalation of 250 micrograms fluticasone propionate and 50 micrograms salmeterol twice daily.
A short term trial of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} may be considered as initial maintenance therapy in adults or adolescents with moderate persistent asthma (defined as patients with daily symptoms, daily rescue use and moderate to severe airflow limitation) for whom rapid control of asthma is essential. In these cases, the recommended initial dose is inhalation of 100 micrograms fluticasone propionate and 50 micrograms salmeterol (given singly or as fixed combination) twice daily.
Once control of asthma is attained treatment should be reviewed and consideration given as to whether patients should be stepped down to an inhaled corticosteroid alone. Regular review of patients as treatment is stepped down is important.
A clear benefit has not been shown as compared to inhaled fluticasone propionate alone used as initial maintenance therapy when one or two of the criteria of severity are missing. In general inhaled corticosteroids remain the first line treatment for most patients. {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} is not intended for the initial management of mild asthma.
Salmeterol/fluticasone propionate 50 microgram/100 micrograms strength is not appropriate in adults with severe asthma; it is recommended to establish the appropriate dosage of inhaled corticosteroid before any fixed combination can be used in patients with severe asthma.
For dosages, which cannot be achieved with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}.other strengths of salmeterol/fluticasone medicinal products are available.
Special patient groups:
There is no need to adjust the dose in elderly patients or in those with renal impairment. There are no data available for use of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} in patients with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric population:
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should not be used in children.
For instructions for use, see section 6.6.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
The management of asthma should normally follow a stepwise program.
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should not be used to treat acute asthma symptoms for which a fast and short acting bronchodilator is required. Patients should be advised to have their medicinal product to be used for relief in an acute asthma attack available at all times.
Patients should not be initiated on {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} during an exacerbation, or if they have significantly worsening or acutely deteriorating asthma.
Serious asthma-related adverse events and exacerbations may occur during treatment with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}. Patients should be asked to continue treatment but to seek medical advice if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled or worsen after initiation on {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}.
Increasing use of short-acting bronchodilators to relieve symptoms indicates deterioration of control and patients should be reviewed by a physician.
Sudden and progressive deterioration in control of asthma is potentially life threatening and the patient should undergo urgent medical assessment. Consideration should be given to increasing corticosteroid therapy.
Once asthma symptoms are controlled, consideration may be given to gradually reducing the dose of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}. Regular review of patients as treatment is stepped down is important. The lowest effective dose of Salmeterol/Fluticasone should be used (see section 4.2).
For patients with COPD experiencing exacerbations, treatment with systemic corticosteroids is typically indicated, therefore patients should be instructed to seek medical attention if symptoms deteriorate with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}.
Treatment with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should not be stopped abruptly in patients with asthma due to risk of exacerbation. Therapy should be down-titrated under physician supervision. For patients with COPD cessation of therapy may also be associated with symptomatic decompensation and should be supervised by a physician.
As with all inhaled medication containing corticosteroids, {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should be administered with caution in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Rarely, {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} may cause cardiac arrhythmias e.g. supraventricular tachycardia, extrasystoles and atrial fibrillation, and a mild transient reduction in serum potassium at high therapeutic doses. Therefore {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should be used with caution in patients with severe cardiovascular disorders, heart rhythm abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, uncorrected hypokalaemia or patients predisposed to low levels of serum potassium.
There have been very rare reports of increases in blood glucose levels (see section 4.8) and this should be considered when prescribing to patients with a history of diabetes mellitus.
As with other inhalation therapy paradoxical bronchospasm may occur with an immediate increase in wheezing after dosing. {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} contains lactose up to 12.2 mg/dose. This amount does not normally cause problems in lactose intolerant people.
Systemic effects may occur with any inhaled corticosteroid, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. These effects are much less likely to occur than with oral corticosteroids. Possible systemic effects includeCushing’s syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, decrease in bone mineral density, cataract and glaucoma and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression (particularly in children). It is important, therefore, that the patient is reviewed regularly and the dose of inhaled corticosteroid is reduced to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.
Prolonged treatment of patients with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids may result in adrenal suppression and acute adrenal crisis. Very rare cases of adrenal suppression and acute adrenal crisis have also been described with doses of fluticasone propionate between 500 and less than 1000 micrograms. Situations, which could potentially trigger acute adrenal crisis, include trauma, surgery, infection or any rapid reduction in dosage. Presenting symptoms are typically vague and may include anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss, tiredness, headache, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, decreased level of consciousness, hypoglycaemia, and seizures. Additional systemic corticosteroid cover should be considered during periods of stress or elective surgery.
The benefits of inhaled fluticasone propionate therapy should minimise the need for oral steroids, but patients transferring from oral steroids may remain at risk of impaired adrenal reserve for a considerable time. Patients who have required high dose emergency corticosteroid therapy in the past may also be at risk. This possibility of residual impairment should always be borne in mind in emergency and elective situations likely to produce stress, and appropriate corticosteroid treatment must be considered. The extent of the adrenal impairment may require specialist advice before elective procedures.
Ritonavir can greatly increase the concentration of fluticasone propionate in plasma. Therefore, concomitant use should be avoided, unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of systemic corticosteroid side-effects. There is also an increased risk of systemic side effects when combining fluticasone propionate with other potent CYP3A inhibitors (see section 4.5).
There was an increased reporting of lower respiratory tract infections (particularly pneumonia and bronchitis) in the TORCH study in patients with COPD receiving Salmeterol/Fluticasone propionate 50/500 micrograms bd compared with placebo as well as in studies SCO40043 and SCO1000250 comparing the lower non-approved COPD dose of Salmeterol/Fluticasone propionate, 50/250 micrograms bd, to salmeterol 50 micrograms bd only (see section 4.8 and 5.1).A similar incidence of pneumonia in the Salmeterol/Fluticasone propionategroup was seen across all studies.In TORCH, older patients, patients with a lower body mass index (<25kg/m2) and patients with very severe disease (FEV1<30% predicted) were at greatest risk of developing pneumonia regardless of treatment. Physicians should remain vigilant for the possible development of pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections in patients with COPD as the clinical features of such infections and exacerbation frequently overlap. If a patient with severe COPD has experienced pneumonia the treatment with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} should be re-evaluated.
Data from a large clinical trial (the Salmeterol Multi-Center Asthma Research Trial, SMART) suggested African-American patients were at increased risk of serious respiratory-related events or deaths when using salmeterol compared with placebo (see section 5.1). It is not known if this was due to pharmacogenetic or other factors. Patients of black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry should therefore be asked to continue treatment but to seek medical advice if asthma symptoms remained uncontrolled or worsen whilst using {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}.
Concomitant use of systemic ketoconazole significantly increases systemic exposure to salmeterol. This may lead to an increase in the incidence of systemic effects (e.g. prolongation in the QTc interval and palpitations). Concomitant treatment with ketoconazole or other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should therefore be avoided unless the benefits outweigh the potentially increased risk of systemic side effects of salmeterol treatment (see section 4.5).
Paediatric Population
Children and adolescents <16 years taking high doses of fluticasone propionate (typically ³ 1000 micrograms/day) may be at particular risk. Systemic effects may occur, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. Possible systemic effects include Cushing’s syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, acute adrenal crisis and growth retardation in children and adolescents, and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression.
It is recommended that the height of children receiving prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroid is regularly monitored. The dose of inhaled corticosteroid should be reduced to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Both non-selective and selective beta-blockers should be avoided unless there are compelling reasons for their use.
Concomitant use of other beta-adrenergic containing drugs can have a potentially additive effect.
Fluticasone Propionate
Under normal circumstances, low plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate are achieved after inhaled dosing, due to extensive first pass metabolism and high systemic clearance mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4 in the gut and liver. Hence, clinically significant drug interactions mediated by fluticasone propionate are unlikely.
In an interaction study in healthy subjects with intranasal fluticasone propionate, ritonavir (a highly potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor) 100 mg b.i.d. increased the fluticasone propionate plasma concentrations several hundred fold, resulting in markedly reduced serum cortisol concentrations. Information about this interaction is lacking for inhaled fluticasone propionate, but a marked increase in fluticasone propionate plasma levels is expected. Cases of Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression have been reported. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic glucocorticoid side-effects.
In a small study in healthy volunteers, the slightly less potent CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole increased the exposure of fluticasone propionate after a single inhalation by 150%. This resulted in a greater reduction of plasma cortisol as compared with fluticasone propionate alone. Co-treatment with other potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as itraconazole, is also expected to increase the systemic fluticasone propionate exposure and the risk of systemic side-effects. Caution is recommended and long-term treatment with such drugs should if possible be avoided.
Salmeterol
Potent CYP3A4 inhibitors
Co-administration of ketoconazole (400 mg orally once daily) and salmeterol (50 mcg inhaled twice daily) in 15 healthy subjects for 7 days resulted in a significant increase in plasma salmeterol exposure (1.4-fold Cmax and 15-fold AUC). This may lead to an increase in the incidence of other systemic effects of salmeterol treatment (e.g. prolongation of QTc interval and palpitations) compared with salmeterol or ketoconazole treatment alone (see Section 4.4).
Clinically significant effects were not seen on blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose and blood potassium levels. Co-administration with ketoconazole did not increase the elimination half-life of salmeterol or increase salmeterol accumulation with repeat dosing.
The concomitant administration of ketoconazole should be avoided, unless the benefits outweigh the potentially increased risk of systemic side effects of salmeterol treatment. There is likely to be a similar risk of interaction with other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. itraconazole, telithromycin, ritonavir).
Moderate CYP 3A4 inhibitors
Co-administration of erythromycin (500mg orally three times a day) and salmeterol (50mcg inhaled twice daily) in 15 healthy subjects for 6 days resulted in a small but non-statistically significant increase in salmeterol exposure (1.4-fold Cmax and 1.2-fold AUC). Co-administration with erythromycin was not associated with any serious adverse effects.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
A moderate amount of data on pregnant women (between 300-1000 pregnancy outcomes) indicate no malformative or feto/neonatal toxicity of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Animal studies have shown reproductive toxicity after administration of beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists and glucocorticosteroids (see section 5.3).
Administration of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} to pregnant women should only be considered if the expected benefit to the mother is greater than any possible risk to the foetus.
The lowest effective dose of fluticasone propionate needed to maintain adequate asthma control should be used in the treatment of pregnant women.
Breastfeeding
It is unknown whether salmeterol and fluticasone propionate/metabolites are excreted in human milk.
Studies have shown that salmeterol and fluticasone propionate, and their metabolites, are excreted into the milk of lactating rats.
A risk to breastfed newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
There are no data in humans. However, animal studies showed no effects of salmeterol or fluticasone propionate on fertility.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies of the effect on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
4.8 Undesirable effects
As {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} contains salmeterol and fluticasone propionate, the type and severity of adverse reactions associated with each of the compounds may be expected. There is no incidence of additional adverse events following concurrent administration of the two compounds.
Adverse events which have been associated with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate are given below, listed by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated form the available data).
Frequencies were derived from clinical trial data. The incidence in placebo was not taken into account.
|
System Organ Class |
Adverse Event |
Frequency |
|
Infections & Infestations |
Candidiasis of the mouth and throat Pneumonia |
Common Common1,3,5 Common1,3 |
|
Immune System Disorders |
Hypersensitivity reactions with the following
manifestations: Respiratory
symptoms (dyspnoea) Respiratory
symptoms (bronchospasm) Anaphylactic reactions including anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Endocrine Disorders |
Cushing’s syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children and
adolescents, decreased bone mineral
density |
Rare4 |
|
Metabolism & Nutrition Disorders |
Hypokalaemia Hyperglycaemia |
Common3 Uncommon4 |
|
Psychiatric Disorders |
Anxiety behavioural changes, including psychomotor hyperactivity and irritability (predominantly in children) Depression, aggression (predominantly in children) |
Uncommon Uncommon Rare Rare |
|
Nervous System Disorders |
Headache |
Very Common1 |
|
Eye Disorders |
Cataract Glaucoma |
Uncommon Rare4 |
|
Cardiac Disorders |
Palpitations Atrial fibrillation Angina pectoris |
Uncommon Uncommon Uncommon |
|
Respiratory, Thoracic & Mediastinal Disorders |
Nasopharyngitis |
Very Common2,3
|
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Contusions |
Common1,3 |
|
Musculoskeletal & Connective Tissue Disorders |
Muscle
cramps |
Common |
1 Reported commonly in placebo
2 Reported very commonly in placebo
3 Reported over 3 years in a COPD study
4 See section 4.4
5 See section 5.1.
Description of selected adverse reactions
The pharmacological side effects of beta-2-agonist treatment, such as tremor, palpitations and headache, have been reported, but tend to be transient and reduce with regular therapy.
Due to the fluticasone propionate component, hoarseness and candidiasis (thrush) of the mouth and throat can occur in some patients. Both hoarseness and incidence of candidiasis may be relieved by gargling with water after using the product. Symptomatic candidiasis can be treated with topical anti-fungal therapy whilst still continuing with Salmeterol/Fluticasone.
Paediatric population
Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppressionand growth retardation in children and adolescents (see section 4.4). Children may also experience anxiety, sleep disorders and behavioural changes, including hyperactivity and irritability.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in [To be completed nationally].
4.9 Overdose
There are no data available from clinical trials on overdose with {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz}: however data on overdose with both drugs are given below:
The signs and symptoms of salmeterol overdose are tremor, headache and tachycardia. The preferred antidotes are cardioselective beta-blocking agents, which should be used with caution in patients with a history of bronchospasm. If {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} therapy has to be withdrawn due to overdose of the beta agonist component of the drug, provision of appropriate replacement steroid therapy should be considered. Additionally, hypokalaemia can occur and potassium replacement should be considered.
Acute:Acute inhalation of fluticasone propionate doses in excess of those recommended may lead to temporary suppression of adrenal function. This does not need emergency action as adrenal function is recovered in a few days, as verified by plasma cortisol measurements.
Chronic overdose of inhaled fluticasone propionate: Refer to section 4.4: risk of adrenal suppression:Monitoring of adrenal reserve may be necessary. In cases of fluticasone propionate overdose {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} therapy may still be continued at a suitable dosage for symptom control.
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Adrenergics and other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, salmeterol and other drugs for obstructive airway diseases ATC code: R03AK06
Mechanism of action:
{Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} contains salmeterol and fluticasone propionate which have differing modes of action. The respective mechanisms of action of both drugs are discussed below:
Salmeterol:
Salmeterol is a selective long-acting (12 hour) beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist with a long side chain which binds to the exo-site of the receptor.
Salmeterol produces a longer duration of bronchodilation, lasting for at least 12 hours, than recommended doses of conventional short-acting beta-2-agonists.
Fluticasone propionate:
Fluticasone propionate given by inhalation at recommended doses has a glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory action within the lungs, resulting in reduced symptoms and exacerbations of asthma, without the adverse effects observed when corticosteroids are administered systemically.
Clinical efficacy and safety:
Asthma clinical trials
A twelve month study (Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL, GOAL), in 3416 adult and adolescent patients with persistent asthma, compared the safety and efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate (FP) versus inhaled corticosteroid (FP) alone to determine whether the goals of asthma management were achievable. Treatment was stepped up every 12 weeks until **Total control was achieved or the highest dose of study drug was reached. GOAL showed more patients treated with salmeterol/FP achieved asthma control than patients treated with ICS alone and this control was attained at a lower corticosteroid dose.
Well Controlled asthma was achieved more rapidly with salmeterol/FP than with ICS alone. The time on treatment for 50% of subjects to achieve a first individual Well Controlled week was 16 days for salmeterol/FP compared to 37 days for the ICS group. In the subset of steroid naive asthmatics the time to an individual Well Controlled week was 16 days in the salmeterol/FP treatment compared to 23 days following treatment with ICS.
The overall study results showed:
|
Percentage of Patients Attaining *Well Controlled (WC) and **Totally Controlled (TC) Asthma over 12 months |
||||
|
Pre-Study Treatment |
Salmeterol/FP |
FP |
||
|
WC |
TC |
WC |
TC |
|
|
No ICS (SABA alone) |
78% |
50% |
70% |
40% |
|
Low dose ICS (≤500mcg BDP or equivalent/day) |
75% |
44% |
60% |
28% |
|
Medium dose ICS (>500-1000mcg BDP or equivalent/day) |
62% |
29% |
47% |
16% |
|
Pooled results across the 3 treatment levels |
71% |
41% |
59% |
28% |
*Well controlled asthma; occasional symptoms or SABA use or less than 80% predicted lung function plus no night-time awakenings, no exacerbations and no side effects enforcing a change in therapy
**Total control of asthma; no symptoms, no SABA use, greater than or equal to 80% predicted lung function, no night-time awakenings, no exacerbations and no side effects enforcing a change in therapy
The results of this study suggest that salmeterol/fluticasone 50/100 microgram bd may be considered as initial maintenance therapy in patients with moderate persistent asthma for whom rapid control of asthma is deemed essential (see section 4.2).
A double-blind, randomised, parallel group study in 318 patients with persistent asthma aged ≥18 years evaluated the safety and tolerability of administering two inhalations twice daily (double dose) of salmeterol/FP for two weeks. The study showed that doubling the inhalations of each strength of salmeterol/FP for up to 14 days resulted in a small increase in beta-agonist-related adverse events (tremor; 1 patient [1%] vs 0, palpitations; 6 [3%] vs 1 [<1%], muscle cramps; 6[3%] vs 1 [<1%]) and a similar incidence of inhaled corticosteroid related adverse events (e.g. oral candidiasis; 6 [6%] vs 16 [8%], hoarseness; 2 [2%] vs 4 [2%]) compared to one inhalation twice daily. The small increase in beta-agonist-related adverse events should be taken into account if doubling the dose of {Salmeterol/Fluticasone Sandoz} is considered by the physician in adult patients requiring additional short-term (up to 14 days) inhaled corticosteroid therapy.
COPD clinical trials
TORCH was a 3-year study to assess the effect of treatment with salmeterol/FP 50/500mcg bd, salmeterol 50mcg bd, FP 500mcg bd or placebo on all-cause mortality in patients with COPD. COPD patients with a baseline (pre-bronchodilator) FEV1<60% of predicted normal were randomised to double-blind medication. During the study, patients were permitted usual COPD therapy with the exception of other inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators and long-term systemic corticosteroids. Survival status at 3 years was determined for all patients regardless of withdrawal from study medication. The primary endpoint was reduction in all cause mortality at 3 years for salmeterol/FP vs Placebo.
|
|
Placebo N = 1524 |
Salmeterol 50 N = 1521 |
FP 500 N = 1534 |
Salmeterol/FP 50/500 N = 1533 |
|
All cause mortality at 3 years |
||||
|
Number of deaths (%) |
231 (15.2%) |
205 (13.5%) |
246 (16.0%) |
193 (12.6%) |
|
Hazard Ratio vs Placebo (CIs) p value |
N/A |
0.879 (0.73, 1.06) 0.180 |
1.060 (0.89, 1.27) 0.525 |
0.825 (0.68, 1.00 ) 0.0521 |
|
Hazard Ratio salmeterol/FP 50/500 vs components (CIs) p value |
N/A |
0.932 (0.77, 1.13) 0.481 |
0.774 (0.64, 0.93) 0.007 |
N/A |
|
1 Non significant P value after adjustment for 2 interim analyses on the primary efficacy comparison from a log-rank analysis stratified by smoking status |
||||
There was a trend towards improved survival in subjects treated with salmeterol/FP compared with placebo over 3 years however this did not achieve the statistical significance level p≤0.05.
The percentage of patients who died within 3 years due to COPD-related causes was 6.0% for placebo, 6.1% for salmeterol, 6.9% for FP and 4.7% for salmeterol/FP.
The mean number of moderate to severe exacerbations per year was significantly reduced with salmeterol/FP as compared with treatment with salmeterol, FP and placebo (mean rate in the salmeterol/FP group 0.85 compared with 0.97 in the salmeterol group, 0.93 in the FP group and 1.13 in the placebo). This translates to a reduction in the rate of moderate to severe exacerbations of 25% (95% CI: 19% to 31%; p<0.001) compared with placebo, 12% compared with salmeterol (95% CI: 5% to 19%, p=0.002) and 9% compared with FP (95% CI: 1% to 16%, p=0.024). Salmeterol and FP significantly reduced exacerbation rates compared with placebo by 15% (95% CI: 7% to 22%; p<0.001) and 18% (95% CI: 11% to 24%; p<0.001) respectively.
Health Related Quality of Life, as measured by the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was improved by all active treatments in comparison with placebo. The average improvement over three years for salmeterol/fluticasone compared with placebo was -3.1 units (95% CI: -4.1 to -2.1; p<0.001), compared with salmeterol was -2.2 units (p<0.001) and compared with FP was -1.2 units (p=0.017). A 4-unit decrease is considered clinically relevant.
The estimated 3-year probability of having pneumonia reported as an adverse event was 12.3% for placebo, 13.3% for salmeterol, 18.3% for FP and 19.6% for salmeterol/FP (Hazard ratio for salmeterol/FP vs placebo: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.33 to 2.01, p<0.001). There was no increase in pneumonia related deaths; deaths while on treatment that were adjudicated as primarily due to pneumonia were 7 for placebo, 9 for salmeterol, 13 for FP and 8 for salmeterol/FP. There was no significant difference in probability of bone fracture (5.1% placebo, 5.1% salmeterol, 5.4% FP and 6.3% salmeterol/FP; Hazard ratio for salmeterol/FP vs placebo: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.87 to 1.72, p=0.248.
Placebo-controlled clinical trials, over 6 and 12 months, have shown that regular use of salmeterol/FP 50/500 micrograms improves lung function and reduces breathlessness and the use of relief medication.
Studies SCO40043 and SCO100250 were randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, replicate studies comparing the effect of salmeterol/FP 50/250 micrograms bd (a dose not licensed for COPD treatment in the European Union) with salmeterol 50 micrograms bd on the annual rate of moderate/severe exacerbations in subjects with COPD with FEV1 less than 50% predicted and a history of exacerbations. Moderate/ severe exacerbations were defined as worsening symptoms that required treatment with oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or in-patient hospitalisation.
The trials had a 4 week run-in period during which all subjects received open-label salmeterol/ FP 50/250 to standardize COPD pharmacotherapy and stabilise disease prior to randomisation to blinded study medication for 52 weeks. Subjects were randomised 1:1 to salmeterol/ FP 50/250 (total ITT n=776) or salmeterol (total ITT n=778). Prior to run-in, subjects discontinued use of previous COPD medications except short-acting bronchodilators. The use of concurrent inhaled long-acting bronchodilators (beta2-agonist and anticholinergic), ipratropium/salbutamol combination products, oral beta2-agonists, and theophylline preparations were not allowed during the treatment period. Oral corticosteroids and antibiotics were allowed for the acute treatment of COPD exacerbations with specific guidelines for use. Subjects used salbutamol on an as-needed basis throughout the studies.
The results of both studies showed that treatment with salmeterol/FP 50/250 resulted in a significantly lower annual rate of moderate/severe COPD exacerbations compared with salmeterol (SCO40043: 1.06 and 1.53 per subject per year, respectively, rate ratio of 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.83, p<0.001; SCO100250: 1.10 and 1.59 per subject per year, respectively, rate ratio of 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.83, p<0.001). Findings for the secondary efficacy measures (time to first moderate/severe exacerbation, the annual rate of exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids, and pre-dose morning (AM) FEV1) significantly favoured salmeterol/FP 50/250 micrograms bd over salmeterol. Adverse event profiles were similar with the exception of a higher incidence of pneumonias and known local side effects (candidiasis and dysphonia) in the salmeterol/FP 50/250 micrograms bd group compared with salmeterol. Pneumonia-related events were reported for 55 (7%) subjects in the salmeterol/FP 50/250 micrograms bd group and 25 (3%) in the salmeterol group. The increased incidence of reported pneumonia with salmeterol/FP 50/250 micrograms bd appears to be of similar magnitude to the incidence reported following treatment with salmeterol/FP 50/500 micrograms bd in TORCH.
The Salmeterol Multi-center Asthma Research Trial (SMART)
SMART was a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group 28-week study in the US which randomised 13,176 patients to salmeterol (50μg twice daily) and 13,179 patients to placebo in addition to the patients' usual asthma therapy. Patients were enrolled if ≥12 years of age, with asthma and if currently using asthma medication (but not a LABA). Baseline ICS use at study entry was recorded, but not required in the study. The primary endpoint in SMART was the combined number of respiratory-related deaths and respiratory-related life-threatening experiences.
Key findings from SMART: primary endpoint
|
Patient group |
Number of primary endpoint events /number of patients |
Relative Risk (95% confidence intervals) |
|
|
salmeterol |
placebo |
||
|
All patients |
50/13,176 |
36/13,179 |
1.40 (0.91, 2.14) |
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
23/6,127 |
19/6,138 |
1.21 (0.66, 2.23) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
27/7,049 |
17/7,041 |
1.60 (0.87, 2.93) |
|
African-American patients |
20/2,366 |
5/2,319 |
4.10 (1.54, 10.90) |
(Risk in bold is statistically significant at the 95% level.)
Key findings from SMART by inhaled steroid use at baseline: secondary endpoints
|
|
Number of secondary endpoint events /number of patients |
Relative Risk (95% confidence intervals) |
|
|
salmeterol |
placebo |
||
|
Respiratory -related death |
|||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
10/6127 |
5/6138 |
2.01 (0.69, 5.86) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
14/7049 |
6/7041 |
2.28 (0.88, 5.94) |
|
Combined asthma-related death or life-threatening experience |
|||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
16/6127 |
13/6138 |
1.24 (0.60, 2.58) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
21/7049 |
9/7041 |
2.39 (1.10, 5.22) |
|
Asthma-related death |
|||
|
Patients using inhaled steroids |
4/6127 |
3/6138 |
1.35 (0.30, 6.04) |
|
Patients not using inhaled steroids |
9/7049 |
0/7041 |
* |
(*=could not be calculated because of no events in placebo group. Risk in bold figures is statistically significant at the 95% level. The secondary endpoints in the table above reached statistical significance in the whole population.) The secondary endpoints of combined all-cause death or life-threatening experience, all cause death, or all cause hospitalisation did not reach statistical significance in the whole population.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
When salmeterol and fluticasone propionate were administered in combination by the inhaled route, the pharmacokinetics of each component were similar to those observed when the drugs were administered separately. For pharmacokinetic purposes therefore each component can be considered separately.
Salmeterol:
Salmeterol acts locally in the lung therefore plasma levels are not an indication of therapeutic effects. In addition there are only limited data available on the pharmacokinetics of salmeterol because of the technical difficulty of assaying the drug in plasma due to the low plasma concentrations at therapeutic doses (approximately 200 picograms/ml or less) achieved after inhaled dosing.
Fluticasone propionate:
The absolute bioavailability of a single dose of inhaled fluticasone propionate in healthy subjects varies between approximately 5-11% of the nominal dose depending on the inhalation device used. In patients with asthma or COPD a lesser degree of systemic exposure to inhaled fluticasone propionate has been observed.
Systemic absorption occurs mainly through the lungs and is initially rapid then prolonged. The remainder of the inhaled dose may be swallowed but contributes minimally to systemic exposure due to the low aqueous solubility and pre-systemic metabolism, resulting in oral availability of less than 1%. There is a linear increase in systemic exposure with increasing inhaled dose.
The disposition of fluticasone propionate is characterised by high plasma clearance (1150ml/min), a large volume of distribution at steady-state (approximately 300l) and a terminal half-life of approximately 8 hours.
Plasma protein binding is 91%.
Fluticasone propionate is cleared very rapidly from the systemic circulation. The main pathway is metabolism to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite, by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Other unidentified metabolites are also found in the faeces.
The renal clearance of fluticasone propionate is negligible. Less than 5% of the dose is excreted in urine, mainly as metabolites. The main part of the dose is excreted in faeces as metabolites and unchanged drug.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The only safety concerns for human use derived from animal studies of salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate given separately were effects associated with exaggerated pharmacological actions.
In animal reproduction studies, glucocorticosteroids have been shown to induce malformations (cleft palate, skeletal malformations). However, these animal experimental results do not seem to be relevant for man given recommended doses. Animal studies with salmeterol xinafoate have shown embryofoetal toxicity only at high exposure levels. Following co-administration, increased incidences of transposed umbilical artery and incomplete ossification of occipital bone were found in rats at doses associated with known glucocorticoid-induced abnormalities.
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS
6.1 List of excipients
Lactose monohydrate
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
24 months
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not store above 25 °C.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Plastic inhalation device containing an OPA/Al/PVC-Al blister with 60 pre-metered doses of powder blend.
Pack sizes:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 10 devices containing 60 doses
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Instructions for use:
Patients should be demonstrated how to use the Forspiroinhaler and correct use should be checked regularly.
The inhaler contains 60 doses of powder medication in a coiled strip of foil. It has a dose counter which indicates how many doses are left counting down from 60 to 0. When the last 10 doses have been reached the numbers will be on a red background.
The inhaler is not refillable – it should be disposed of when it is empty and be replaced with a new one.