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Alprazolam Krka

Document: Alprazolam Krka prolonged release tablet ENG SmPC change


SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS


1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT


Alprazolam Krka 0.5 mg prolonged release tablets

Alprazolam Krka 1 mg prolonged release tablets

Alprazolam Krka 2 mg prolonged release tablets


2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION


Each prolonged release tablet contains 0.5 mg alprazolam.

Each prolonged release tablet contains 1 mg alprazolam.

Each prolonged release tablet contains 2 mg alprazolam.


Excipientwith known effect:

0.5 mg tablets

1 tablets

2 mg tablets

Lactose

183.74 mg

183.69 mg

182.93 mg

For thefull list of excipients, see section 6.1.


3. PHARMACEUTICAL form


Prolonged release tablet.


0.5 mg:greenish-yellow, round, slightly biconvex.

1 mg:white, round, slightly biconvex.

2 mg:light blue, round, slightly biconvex.


4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS


4.1 Therapeutic indications



Alprazolam is only indicated when the disorder is severe, disabling or subjecting the individual to extreme distress.


4.2 Posology and method of administration


Posology

Symptomatic treatment of anxiety: Initial dose 0.5 mg once daily, adjusted individually. Maintenance dosage is 0.5–3 mg/day in one or two divided doses.


For elderly patients, patients with impaired hepatic or renal function and those sensitive to the sedative effects of the product, the initial and maintenance dose is 0.5 - 1 mg daily. Dosage may be increased gradually where necessary.


Panic disorder:Initial dosage is 0.5–1 mg at bedtime. Dosage should be adjusted individually and may be increased by a maximum of 1 mg every 3–4 days. The maintenance dosage is 3 mg/day up to maximum of 6 mg/day divided into two doses. In some cases, dosage may be increased up to 10 mg/day, administered in divided doses.


For elderly patients, patients with impaired hepatic or renal function and those sensitive to the sedative effects of the product, the initial and maintenance dose is 0.5 mg once daily. Dosage may be increased gradually where necessary. The maximum dosage is 4.5 mg/day in two divided doses.


Duration of treatment:The treatment period must be kept as short as possible. The patient’s status should be re-evaluated regularly, and the need for further therapy should be evaluated, especially with asymptomatic patients. The treatment period should not exceed 8–12 weeks, including the tapering off process.

Research data support a six-month treatment period with alprazolam for anxiety and up to eight months of treatment for panic disorders.


Discontinuation of treatment:The dose should be gradually reduced. It is recommended that the daily dose of alprazolam be reduced at a rate not exceeding 0.5 mg per week. In some patients, it may indeed be necessary to reduce the dose even more gradually.


Paediatric population: Safety and efficacy of alprazolam have not been established in children and adolescents below the age of 18 years; therefore use of alprazolam is not recommended.


Method of administration

Alprazolam Krka has a prolonged absorption time (5-11 hours) due to its pharmaceutical form. Because of the pharmaceutical form, the tablets should be swallowed whole, not divided or crushed.


4.3 Contraindications



4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use


Tolerance

Some loss of efficacy to the hypnotic effects of benzodiazepines may develop after repeated use for a few weeks.


Dependence

Chronic use of benzodiazepines can lead to the development of physical and mental dependence upon these products. The risk of dependence increases with dose and duration of treatment; it is also greater in patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Pharmacodependency may occur at therapeutic doses and/or in patients with no individualised risk factor. There is an increased risk of pharmacodependency with the combined use of several benzodiazepines regardless of the anxiolytic or hypnotic indication. Cases of abuse have also been reported.


Once physical dependence has developed, abrupt termination of treatment will be accompanied by withdrawal symptoms. These may consist of headache, muscle pain, extreme anxiety, tension, restlessness, confusion, irritability. In severe cases the following symptoms may occur: derealisation, depersonalisation, hyperacusis, numbness and tingling of the extremities, hypersensitivity to light, noice and physical contact, hallucinations or epileptic seizures. Withdrawal symptoms can appear several days after the end of treatment.


Rebound anxiety

A transient syndrome whereby the symptoms that led to treatment with a benzodiazepine recur in an enhanced form, may occur on withdrawal of treatment. It may be accompanied by other reactions including mood swings, anxiety or sleep disturbances and restlessness. Since the risk of withdrawal phenomena/rebound phenomena is greater following rapid dose reduction or the abrupt discontinuation of treatment, it is recommended that the dose be reduced gradually (tapering off).


Duration of treatment

The duration of treatment should be as short as possible (see section 4.2) depending on indication, but in cases of anxiety and tension should not exceed 8-12 weeks, including the so called tapering off process of gradual dosage reduction. Extension beyond these periods should not take place without reevaluation of the situation.


It may be useful to inform the patient when treatment is started that it will be of limited duration and to explain preciselyhow the dosagewill be progressively decreased. Moreover itis important that the patient should be aware of the possibilityof rebound phenomena, thereby minimizing anxiety over such symptoms should they occur while the medicinal product is being discontinued. There are indications that, in the caseof benzodiazepines with short duration of action,withdrawal phenomenacan become manifest within the dosageinterval, especially when the dosage ishigh.

When benzodiazepines with long duration of action are being used it is important to warn against changing in benzodiazepine with short duration of action, as withdrawal symptoms may develop.


Psychiatric and paradoxical reactions

Reactions likerestlessness, agitation, irritability, aggressiveness, delusion, rages,nightmares, hallucinations, psychoses, inappropriate behaviour and other adverse behavioural effects are known to occur when using benzodiazepines. Should thisoccur, use of the medicinal product should be discontinued. They aremore likely to occur in children and the elderly.


Amnesia

Benzodiazepines may induce anterograde amnesia. The condition occurs most often several hours after ingesting the product (see also section 4.8).


Specific patient groups


Paediatric population

Safety and efficacy of alprazolam have not been established in children and adolescents below the age of 18 years; therefore use of alprazolam is not recommended.


Renal or hepatic impairment

Caution is recommended when treating patients with impaired renal function or mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency(see section 4.2). Benzodiazepines are contraindicated for the treatment of patients with severe hepatic disorders, since benzodiazepines can promote the development of encephalopathy.


Elderly population

It is recommended that the general principle of using the lowest effective dose be followed in elderly and/or debilitated patients to preclude the development of ataxia or oversedation (see section 4.2). Use alprazolam with caution in elderly patients as there is a risk of falls secondary to the myorelaxant effects of benzodiazepines.


Patients with major depression

In patients presenting with major depression or anxiety associated with depression, benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like agents should not be used alone to treat depression as they may precipitate or increase the risk of suicide.Therefore, alprazolam should be used with caution and the prescription size should be limited in patients with signs and symptoms of a depressive disorder or suicidal tendencies.


Patients with panic disorder

Panic disorder have been associated with primary and secondary major depressive disorders and increased reports of suicide among untreated patients. Therefore, the same precaution must be exercised when using the higher doses of Alprazolam Krka in treating patients with panic disorders as is exercised with the use of any psychotropic drug in treating depressed patients or those in whom there is reason to expect concealed suicidal ideation or plans.


In patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency a lower dose should be used, given the possibility of respiratory depression.


Benzodiazepines are not effective for the primary treatment of psychoses.


In a few cases manic episodes were reported in patients with latent depression.


Due to possible anticholinergic undesirable effects benzodizepines should be used with great caution in patients with acute narrow angle glaucoma or in those patients that may be predisposed.


Benzodiazepines should also be used with extreme caution in patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse (see section 4.5).


Special warnings about the excipients

Alprazolam Krka contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, Lapp lactasedeficiencyor glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.


4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction


Pharmacodynamic interactions


Psychotropic medicinal products:

Caution should be exercised if other psychotropic medicinal products are concomitantly used. Increased depression of the activity of the central nervous system can occur when using the tablets concurrently with psychotropic medicinal products, such as anti-psychotics (neuroleptics), hypnotics, sedatives, some antidepressant agents, opioids, anti-epileptic drugs, sedative H1-antihistamines.

Special care should be made with drugs depressing respiratory function such as opioids (analgesics, antitussives, substitutive treatments), notably in the elderly people. However, when taking the tablets in combination with opioids, potentiation of euphoria can occur which may lead to increased psychic dependence.


Alcohol:

Combination with alcohol potentates the sedative effect of alprazolam. This will affect patients’ ability to drive and use machines. Intake of alcohol is not recommended during treatment with alprazolam.


Clozapine:

With clozapine there is an increased risk of respiratory and/or cardiac arrest.


Muscle relaxants:

One should be prepared for increase of muscle relaxing effect (risk of falls) when alprazolam is used during therapy with a muscle relaxant, especially during the beginning of treatment with alprazolam.


Pharmacokinetic interactions


Pharmacokinetic interactions can occur when alprazolam is administered along with drugs that inhibit the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 by increasing the plasma levels of alprazolam.


CYP3A4 inhibitors:

Anti-mycotics: Concurrent use of itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole and other anti-fungal agents of the azole type (potent CYP3A4 inhibitors) is not recommended.


Particularly, appropriate caution should be exercised and a substantial dose reduction considered in the case of concurrent use of CYP3A4 inhibitors such as HIV protease inhibitors, fluoxetine, dextropropoxyphene, oral contraceptives, sertralin, diltiazem or macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin and troleandomycin.


Itraconazole, a potent CYP3A4-inhibitor, increases AUC and prolongs the elimination half-life for alprazolam. In a study where healthy volunteers were given itraconazole 200 mg/day and 0.8 mg alprazolam, the AUC was increased two-three fold, and the elimination half-life was prolonged to about 40 hours. Alterations have also been seen on psychomotor function affected by alprazolam. Itraconazole may enchance the CNS-depressant effects of alprazolam and withdrawal of itraconazole may attenuate the therapeutic efficacy of alprazolam.


Nefazodone, fluvoxamine and cimetidine: Caution is required when using these agents (CYP3A4 inhibitors) and alprazolam concurrently and a possible reduction of the dose of alprazolam should be consireded.


Nefazodone inhibits CYP3A4 mediated oxidation of alprazolam, which results in a doubling of the plasma concentration of alprazolam and risk of intensified CNS effects. In combination, it is therefore recommended to reduce the alprazolam dosage to one half of the dose.

Fluvoxamine treatment extends the half-life for alprazolam from 20 hours to 34 hours and doubles the alprazolam concentration in plasma. When used in combination, half of the dosage of alprazolam is recommended.

Cimetidine reduces the clearance of alprazolam which may possible intensify the effect. The clinical significance of the interation has not yet been determined.


CYP3A4 inducers:

A reduced effect of alprazolam might occur in patients taking CYP3A4 inducers like rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine or St John’s wort. The plasma alprazolam concentrations in the elimination phase are dependent on certain hepatic enzymes (in particular CYP3A4) for the metabolism and are reduced by medicinal products that induce these enzymes. When St. John’s wort therapy or treatment with other CYP3A4 inducing agents is suddenly stopped, overdose symptoms of alprazolam may occur.


The effect of alprazolam on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products:


Digoxin:

Increase of digoxin plasma levels has been reported with concomitant use of 1 mg alprazolam daily, particularly in the elderly. Therefore, patients receiving alprazolam and digoxin concurrently should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity.


Imipramine and desipramine:

It has been reported that concurrent administration of alprazolam (at doses of up to 4 mg/day) with imipramine and desipramine caused the steady state plasma levels of these substances to increase by 31 % and 20 % respectively. It is not yet known whether these changes are of clinical significance.


Warfarin:

It could not be determined whether there was any effect on prothrombin times and warfarin plasma levels.


No interaction was found with propranolol and disulfiram.


4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation


Pregnancy

If Alprazolam Krka is prescribed to a woman of childbearing potential, she should be warned to contact her physician regarding discontinuance of the product if she intends to become or suspects that she is pregnant.

A large amount of data based on cohort studies indicate that first trimester exposure to benzodiazepine is not associated with an increase in the risk of major malformation. However, some early case-control epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of oral clefts. The data indicated that the risk of having an infant with an oral cleft after maternal benzodiazepine exposure is less than 2/1000 compared with an expected rate for such defects of approximately 1/1000 in the general population.

Benzodiazepine treatment at high dose,during the second and/or the third trimesterof pregnancy, has revealed a decrease of foetal active movements and a variability of foetal cardiac rhythm.

When treatment has to be administered for medical reasons during the last part of pregnancy, even at low doses, floppy infant syndrome such as axial hypotonia, sucking troubles leading to a poor weight gainmay be observed. These signs are reversible but they may last from 1 up to 3 weeks, according to the half life of the product. At high doses, respiratory depression or apnea and hypothermia in newborn may appear.

Moreover, neonatalwithdrawal symptoms with hyperexcitability, agitation and tremor may be observed a few days after birth, even if no floppy infant syndrome is observed. The apparition of withdrawal symptoms after birth depends on the half life of the substance.

Taking into account these data, the use of alprazolam during pregnancy may be considered, if therapeutic indications and posology are strictly respected.

If alprazolam treatment is necessary during last part of pregnancy, high doses should be avoided and withdrawal symptoms and/or floppy infant syndrome should be monitored in newborn.


Breast feeding

Alprazolam is excreted in breast milk at low level. However, alprazolam is not recommended during breast feeding.


4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines


Alprazolam has major influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Sedation, amnesia, impaired concentration and impaired muscular function may adversely affect the ability to drive or to use machines. If insufficient sleep duration occurs, the likelihood of impaired alertness may be increased.

Patients should be warned of this hazard and advised not to drive or operate machinery during treatment. These effects are potentiated by alcohol (see section 4.5).

4.8 Undesirable effects


The most common adverse reaction associated with benzodiazepines is their sedative effect, which may be associated with ataxia, co-ordination disorders and confusion.Susceptibility to these effects depends on the individual. The effects are dose-dependent and decrease when the dose is reduced. The elderly are particularly susceptible to the sedative effect. The sedative and co-ordination-impairing effects of benzodiazepines are most intense at the beginning of treatment, and tolerance to these effects develops with continued use.


The frequency of undesirable effects is defined according to the following convention:

Very common (≥ 1/10)

Common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10)

Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100)

Rare (≥ 1/10,000, < 1/1,000)

Very rare (< 1/10,000)

Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Very common

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Not known

Endocrine disorders

Hyperprolactin-aemia

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Decreased appetite

Anorexia

Stimulation of appetite

Psychiatric disorders

Confusion, depression (see paragraph below), acathisia

Hallucination, rage, aggressive behaviour, hostile behaviour, anxiety, agitation, changes in libido, insomnia, thinking abnormal, nervousness, stimulation

Psychiatric and paradoxical disorders and dependence (see paragraphs below)

Nervous system disorders

Sedation, drowsiness

Ataxia, coordination disorders, memory impairment, slurred speech, concentration difficulties, dizziness, headache, lightheadedness

Amnesia (see paragraph below), dystonia, tremor,

numbness of feeling, reduced alertness

Autonomic manifestations

Eye disorders

Blurred vision

Double vision

Cardiac disorders

Tachycardia, palpitations


Vascular disorders


Hypotension

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Nasal congestion


Gastrointestinal disorders

Gastrointestinal troubles (constipation, nausea, diarrhoea, dry mouth, increased salivation, dysphagia)

Vomiting

Hepatobiliary disorders

Jaundice, abnormal liver function

Hepatitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Allergic dermatitis

Dermatitis, itching

Skin disorders

Angioedema

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Musculoskeletal weakness

Renal and urinary disorders

Incontinence, urinary retention

Reproductive system and breast disorders

Sexual dysfunction, menstrual irregularities

General disorders and administration site conditions

Fatigue, asthenia, irritability

Peripheral oedema

Investigations

Change in weight, increased intra-ocular pressure


Amnesia:

Anterograde amnesia can occur even at therapeutic doses and the risk increases at higher doses. Amnesia may be accompanied by inappropriate behaviour (see also section 4.4.).


Depression:

Previously unnoticed depressions may become apparent, in susceptible individuals, during benzodiazepine use.


Dependence:

Use (event at therapeutic doses) may lead to the development of physical dependence : discontinuation of the therapy may result in withdrawal or rebound phenomena. Psychic dependence may occur. Abuse of benzodiazepines has been reported (see section 4.4).


Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V


4.9 Overdose


General information about toxicity


As with other benzodiazepines, overdose should not present a threat to life unless combined with other CNS depressants (including alcohol). In the management of overdose with any medicinal product it should be born in mind that multiple agents may have been taken. Treatment should be adjusted accordingly.


Symptoms


Overdose of benzodiazepines is usually manifested by degrees of central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild cases, symptoms include drowsiness, mental confusion and lethargy, in more serious cases, symptoms may include ataxia, hypotonia, hypotension, respiratory depression, rarely coma and very rarely death.


Therapy


Following overdose with oral benzodiazepines, vomiting should be induced (within one hour) if the patient is conscious or gastric lavage undertaken with the airway protected if the patient is unconscious. If there is no advantage in emptying the stomach, activated charcoal should be given to reduce absorption. Special attention should be paid to respiratory and cardiovascular functions in intensive care. A long time forced diuresis or haemodialysis is of no value.


Flumazenil can be useful as an antidote.


5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES


5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties


Pharmacotherapeutic group: Benzodiazepine derivatives, ATC code: N05BA12


Alprazolam. like other benzodiazepines, has a high affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site in the brain. It facilitates the inhibitory neurotransmitter action of gamma-aminobutyric acid which mediates both pre- and post-synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS).


Alprazolam is an anxiolytic medicinal product. Like other benzodiazepines, in addition to its anxiolytic properties, alprazolam has sedative, hypnotic, muscle-weakening and anticonvulsive properties.


5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties


Absorption

After oral administration, bioavailability is 80 % or more. Maximum plasma levels are reached 5 - 11 hours after oral administration of Alprazolam Krka prolonged-release tablets.


Distribution

Following a single administration, the plasma levels are directly proportional to the administrated dose. In vitro, 70 % of alprazolam is bound to serum proteins.


Biotransformation

The most important metabolites of alprazolam present in urine are alpha-hydroxy-alprazolam and benzophenone derivative. The major metabolites in plasma are alpha-hydroxy-alprazolam and 4-hydroxy-alprazolam. Alprazolam is mainly metabolised by CYP3A4.


The benzodiazepine derivative is virtually inactive. The biological activity of alpha-hydroxy-alprazolam is comparable with that of alprazolam, while 4-hydroxy-alprazolam is about 10 x less active.


The plasma levels of these metabolites are low. Their half-lives appear to be the same order of magnitude as that of alprazolam. The metabolites therefore make only a limited contribution to the biological activity of alprazolam.


Elimination


The average half-life of alprazolam is between 12 and 15 hours. Alprazolam and its metabolites are mainly excreted via urine.


Elderly


In elderly men the mean half-life can be prolonged (approximately 16 h).


Hepatic impairment


The mean elimination half-life is increased with impaired liver function (approximately 19 h)


5.3 Preclinical safety data


In rats administered alprazolam for 24 months a tendency for dose-related increase in number of cataracts and in corneal vascularisation was evident in females and males, respectively.


In a repeated dose toxicity study (12 months) with high dosages p.o. convulsions were observed in dogs, some of which were lethal. Relevance for men is not clear.


There was no evidence of carcinogenic potential as revealed by carcinogenicity studies conducted in rats at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day (150 times the maximum daily human dose of 10 mg/day) and mice at doses of up to 10 mg/kg/day (50 times the maximum daily human dose).


Alprazolam administered to rats and rabbits at high doses caused an increase in birth defects and foetal death.


Alprazolam was not mutagenic in the rat micronucleus test at doses of up to 100 mg/kg, which is 500 times the maximum recommended daily human dose of 10 mg/day. Alprazolam was also not mutagenic in vitro.


Alprazolam produced no impairment of fertility in rats at doses of up to 5 mg/kg/day, which is 25 times the maximum recommended daily human dose.


Prenatal exposure of mice and rats to benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, has been associated with behavioural changes in the offspring. The possible significance of these changes to the human situation is unclear.


6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS


6.1 List of excipients


1 prolonged release tablet 0.5 mg contains:

Lactose monohydrate

Hypromellose

Magnesium stearate

Indigo carmine (E 132)

Quinoline yellow (E 104)


1 prolonged release tablet 1 mg contains:

Lactose monohydrate

Hypromellose

Magnesium stearate


1 prolonged release tablet 2 mg contains:

Lactose monohydrate

Hypromellose

Magnesium stearate

Indigo carmine (E 132)


6.2 Incompatibilities


Not applicable.


6.3 Shelf life


4 years.


6.4 Special precautions for storage


This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.


Nature and contents of container


Blister (Al/Al): 20, 30, 60, 100 and 100x1 prolonged release tablets

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.


6.6 Special precautions for disposal


No special requirements.


7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER


<To be completed nationally>


8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)


<To be completed nationally>


9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION


2009-12-16


10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT


2013-12-18